The official government platform of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has published a list of 19 occupations classified as domestic worker roles. In the Emirates, authorities continuously urge the public to hire domestic workers exclusively through agencies licensed by the Ministry of Human Resources and Emiratisation.
The country's legislation also details the responsibilities of agencies, employers, and the rights of the employees themselves; failure to comply with these regulations incurs significant fines. Furthermore, if a dispute arises between an employer and a domestic worker, either party has the right to file a labor complaint with the ministry.
The Ministry attempts to resolve this complaint, and if an agreement cannot be reached, the matter is referred to the relevant court. According to the UAE government platform, the latest list of domestic workers includes 19 categories, among which are:
- Housekeeper
- Seaman
- Security Guard
- Herder
- Jockey
- Animal Trainer
- Falconer
- Worker
- Housewife
- Cook
- Nanny/Childcare Provider
- Farmer/Gardener
- Personal Trainer/Coach
- Private Tutor
- Home Nurse
- Personal Assistant
- Private Agricultural Engineer
- Personal/Family Driver
- Gardener
In accordance with Federal Decree-Law No. (9) of 2022 on Domestic Workers, they are entitled to the following:
- Weekly paid day off: If the worker is asked to work on a weekend, they must be provided with an alternative day off or paid the equivalent of a daily wage.
- Daily rest of no less than 12 hours per day, of which eight hours must be continuous.
- Annual paid leave of 30 days per year, which must be paid before it is taken. For service periods from six months to one year, the worker must receive two days of leave for each month worked.
- Round-trip ticket to the country of origin once every two years, or a one-way ticket if both parties agree to terminate the employment contract after the annual leave.
- Payment of wages according to the standard contract within 10 days from the due date.
- Decent housing and subsistence.
- No more than 30 days of sick leave per year: the first fifteen days are paid, and the next fifteen days are paid at half rate.
- Retention of personal identification documents, such as passports and IDs.
Before sending a domestic worker out of their country, agencies must inform the employee about the type of work, salary amount, and obtain confirmation of the worker's physical, medical, psychological, and professional fitness. Necessary medical examinations must be conducted on the worker within a period not exceeding 30 days before entering the UAE. Agencies must also familiarize the worker with UAE customs and traditions, raise awareness of the authorities to whom they can file a complaint, and ensure respectful treatment and protection of the worker from violence. It is also required to guarantee that the worker receives wages according to the mechanisms and channels established by the Ministry, cover the costs of the worker's return to their country, and provide a replacement or reimburse amounts paid to the employer. Recruitment agencies cannot demand or accept any commission from the worker for securing employment or charge them any expenses.
Additionally, employers must provide suitable housing, food, and appropriate clothing, bear the costs of the worker's medical care or provide health insurance, and treat the worker kindly, without requiring them to work for other people. Compensation must be paid for occupational injuries and diseases, and heirs of a worker who dies during service must be paid, including salary for the month of death and any other due payments. It is forbidden to receive any sums or prices from the worker, directly or indirectly. The worker is obliged to comply with the terms of the Employment Contract, perform work as instructed by the employer, exercise due care, and not cease work without valid reason, preserve the employer's property, tools, and everything in their possession, respect workplace confidentiality, and not disclose secrets known to them during work, even after its completion. They must also not use work tools outside the workplace without the employer's permission, and must provide necessary assistance in case of natural disasters or dangers threatening the workplace or the safety of people there. Work must only be carried out under a work visa issued by the Ministry and in accordance with the conditions of that visa.
Fines
Violation of the domestic worker law entails heavy fines, reaching 10 million dirhams. Some of these include:
- Application to those who provide false information or documents for the purpose of hiring a worker into the state.
- Obstructing or hindering an official appointed to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Decree-Law and its Executive Regulations and decisions, whether by force, violence, or threat of using them.
- Disclosure of trade secrets learned while performing official duties as a government official responsible for ensuring compliance with the provisions of this Decree-Law and its Executive Regulations and decisions, even after termination.
Penalties are also provided for those who:
- Hire a worker without a work permit.
- Hire or recruit a worker and then leave them unemployed.
- Use workers' work visas for unauthorized purposes.
- Close or cease the activities of a recruitment agency without completing the procedures for settling workers' rights.
- Hire a worker under 18 years of age in violation of the provisions.
- Facilitate a worker's departure from work, provide them with shelter for exploitation, or provide them with unauthorized employment.
Finally, fines apply to any person who:
- Engages in intermediary activities or temporary employment of workers without a license.
- Exploits or improperly uses electronic powers granted to them to access Ministry systems, or allows others to do so, resulting in violations of procedures, working relationships, or Ministry systems.
Fines ranging from 5,000 to 1 million dirhams may be imposed on anyone who violates any provision of the Decree-Law or its Executive Regulations or implementing decisions. This fine is multiplied by the number of workers affected by the violation, up to a maximum limit of 10 million dirhams. A recruitment agency that fails to comply with any provision of this Decree-Law or its Executive Regulations or implementing decisions will be penalized with a fine of 50,000 to 200,000 dirhams. If the violation is repeated within a year from the date of the decision, the penalty for the violator is doubled.