ArchDaily presents 6 unfinished collective housing projects from different countries

Contemporary residential architecture faces pressing issues of global housing shortages and growing urban populations. In practice, architects constantly experiment with new forms of collective housing, striving to create spaces for personal, family, and community development. The six unfinished projects presented here demonstrate various aspects of solving the problem of building density: relationships with existing and planned nature, availability of urban or suburban plots, creation of additional intermediate spaces that support collective life and mitigate the feeling of high density, as well as the possibility of reproducing densification models and connection to the host area.

In this selection, ArchDaily readers are presented with housing concepts from Costa Rica, the USA, Ukraine, Iran, Uzbekistan, and a modular prototype without a fixed location. Analyzing the six unfinished projects, one can find common difficulties in creating a vibrant atmosphere and neighborhood environment, as well as unique responses to climatic conditions, interaction with nature, and the distribution of private and common areas. Three projects were designed for urban densification to maximize the use of available land to integrate more people into the existing urban network. Given the lack of land, one of the proposed ideas expands possibilities through a floating residential complex project, while two other options opt for suburban collective housing, emphasizing a direct connection with surrounding vegetation.

Below are idealized housing solutions developed by six ArchDaily readers, which were submitted as images and brief descriptions.

Nuevo Cuscatlan, Costa Rica

The architectural firm Carazo Arquitectura presented the LTR1 project—a multifunctional residential complex spanning 60,265 m² in Nuevo Cuscatlan, in the San Salvador metropolitan area, El Salvador. The complex integrates over 400 residential units, a commercial zone, and a protected forest within a single hybrid building. The project implements the firm's research line known as Tropical Vertical Urbanism, which studies how dense vertical construction in tropical cities can integrate housing, commerce, ecology, and social life into a single interconnected system.

Kayan Float: Compact Floating Microhome for Urban Rivers / Khaled M. Abu Tam - KMA Atelier

In the rapidly growing city of Austin, rising property prices and constant urban expansion have exacerbated the housing crisis. Many people are forced to move to remote suburbs with limited public transport. The city faces a deficit of over 211,000 social housing units, and regulatory restrictions and high land costs hinder traditional expansion. This situation demands compact and highly efficient housing models that maximize spatial efficiency while minimizing carbon footprint and construction impact. In this context, communities of floating microhomes are proposed as a response to Austin's housing problems, as well as as a compact and reproducible urban prototype for coastal cities worldwide. By transforming underutilized waterways into habitable urban infrastructure, the project introduces a model of efficient microhousing that is affordable and adaptable. Factory planning minimizes material use and costs, while layouts optimize every square meter for integrating living, working, and leisure functions.

Onsen / AVR Development

The concept was built around preserving the pine forest and natural thermal waters, where the idea of daily rejuvenation is integrated into the lifestyle itself. The project is conceived for people who value the balance between activity and tranquility, working in a dynamic environment but needing regular physical and mental restoration without having to leave the city. The central element is the fusion of an urban quarter type (kvartal), suburban life, and a resort: placement within a closed quarter forms a protected inner forest core, while the architecture develops under the tree canopy, not competing with nature. This idea is supported by the Japanese philosophy of onsen—understood as a ritual of silence, water, and balance—expressed in the spa and thermal bath infrastructure and the integration of water into daily life.

Sabat House / Hamed Hosseini Studio

Among the architectural features of arid and hot regions of Iran, such as Kashan, are Sabats—arched covered walkways built along long paths to protect pedestrians from direct solar radiation. Beyond their ecological function, Sabats fostered social cohesion by providing comfortable places for gatherings and neighborly interaction. The Sabat project is located in one of Kashan's most historic urban networks. The plot was formed by combining several small parcels, allowing for more floors than neighboring lots. This vertical imbalance became the main design challenge, leading to the development of two different volumetric strategies to harmonize the building with the surrounding urban context.

SYS Modular Building / Office AT

The SYS modular building is a prototype ordered by Siam Yamato Steel co.,ltd. and designed by the Office AT studio. The project is based on a modular construction system where building components are prefabricated in a factory and quickly assembled on site, ensuring efficiency in both schedule and construction quality. The concept maximizes the potential of modular construction. Each module is designed with independent walls (no shared walls), which enhances natural ventilation and improves internal comfort. The system also offers great flexibility, allowing the building configuration to be easily adapted to plots of different sizes and conditions. The project intentionally remains simple, consisting of only two unit types: Type 1 (ground floor) and Type 2 (duplex). These modules are organized in an alternating and articulated pattern, creating gaps between them that simultaneously serve as terraces and ensure natural light and ventilation enter the building. Furthermore, this arrangement increases the privacy of each unit.

SUPERMAHALLA / LEVEL80 Architects

In a historic Uzbek city on the Silk Road, we reinterpreted high-rise buildings into the form of SUPERMAHALLA—a low-rise complex inspired by traditional mahallas. Four blocks define private courtyards for gatherings, mimicking a patchwork quilt. Seismic joints guide pedestrian routes, and mountain contours are used to maximize apartment placement. White facades contrast with terracotta 'windows', paying homage to the tradition of handmade ceramics, blending historical heritage with modern European style. Underground parking ensures the safety of terraces and children's areas. Comfort amidst urbanization: rooted in place, designed for people.

nplus1.ruJuly 31, 21:39

Ichthyosaur from Eromanga Sea Fed Pterosaur and Became Prey for Pliosaaur

Researchers described the fossil of a six-to-seven-meter ichthyosaur, Platypterygius australis, which inhabited the inland Eromanga Sea in Australia during the Early Cretaceous period, approximately 105–106 million years ago. Among the scattered bones of this ancient reptile, fossilized remains of stomach contents were found. Analysis of this content showed that shortly before P. australis died, it had swallowed a pterosaur. There are two versions: either the ichthyosaur caught the winged reptile on its own, or it fed on its carcass. This marks the first documented case of an ichthyosaur feeding on a pterosaur.

Furthermore, based on tooth marks on the vertebrae, it is suggested that P. australis itself might have been killed and eaten by an even larger marine animal—the pliosaaur Kronosaurus queenslandicus. These research findings were published in the scientific journal Gondwana Research.

Periodically, paleontologists come across fossil remains of ancient animals containing coprolites—that is, preserved parts of stomach and intestinal contents. Such finds allow for the direct study of the diet and feeding behavior of long-extinct species. For example, previously, a coprolite was discovered belonging to a sauropod, young specimens of Diamantinasaurus matildae, which lived in Australia about 100 million years ago. Analysis of this sample confirmed that sauropods were herbivores and ingested food without much chewing.

A team of paleontologists led by Matt Andrew White from Northeastern University presented data on another discovery of a fossil animal with preserved gastrointestinal tract contents. The focus was on remains under identification number KK F1435, which were found in the Tulubook formation in Queensland, Australia. The age of this specimen is estimated at 105–106 million years. During that era, most of Australia was covered by the shallow inland Eromanga Sea.

Specimen KK F1435 consists of the remains of a large reptile, including a nearly complete skull with teeth and fragments of the postcranial skeleton, such as vertebrae, ribs, and limb bones. By studying this specimen, White and his colleagues classified the remains as belonging to the ichthyosaur Platypterygius australis of the family Ophthalmosauridae, which is well known to paleontologists and was described in 1972. It was established that this individual could reach a length of six to seven meters when alive.

About half a meter from the skull of KK F1435, White and his co-authors discovered a spherical mass, which they interpreted as fossilized stomach content that had fallen out of the abdominal cavity. From this structure, two fragments of pterosaur tooth bone from the family Anhangueridae were extracted, whose wingspan was presumably about four meters. The most likely scenario is that P. australis caught the pterosaur while it was flying over the sea and ate it. An alternative version suggests that the ichthyosaur fed on the carcass of a winged reptile that fell into the water.

According to researchers, this is the first known example of an ichthyosaur feeding on a pterosaur. Nevertheless, coprolites also contained (using neutron tomography) remains of more typical ichthyosaur food: several belemnites, as well as fish vertebrae and ribs and shell fragments. The stomach contents of P. australis indicate that members of this species, and possibly other Cretaceous ichthyosaurs, were generalist predators consuming a wide range of prey.

Notably, deep tooth marks were observed on the vertebrae of KK F1435, and some vertebrae were broken or missing. Judging by the size and shape of these marks, they were left by the pliosaaur Kronosaurus queenslandicus—an even larger marine reptile that reached over ten meters in length and occupied the position of apex predator in the Eromanga Sea. According to the most plausible version, the pliosaaur hunted the ichthyosaur, killed it, after which it fell to the seabed, damaging its skull from the impact. Then this same pliosaaur consumed the body of the victim, scattering the remains across the seabed over a distance of more than ten meters (possibly its relatives later acted as scavengers).

The research results demonstrate the presence of a complete food chain in the Eromanga Sea: large ichthyosaurs consumed mollusks, fish, and pterosaurs, and in turn became prey for more massive pliosaurs. Several years ago, paleontologists found a fragment of a lower jaw of an unknown pterosaur on the Tulubook formation, based on which a new genus and species—Thapunngaka shawi—was described. Scientists estimated the wingspan of this reptile to be six to seven meters, making it the largest pterosaur in Australia. There is a possibility that the bone found in P. australis's stomach belonged to T. shawi.