Brown bears inhabiting Portugal once reached impressive sizes, approaching 400 kg. About 22,000 years ago, these large predators were among the most massive brown bears known on the Iberian Peninsula. However, their modern descendants are significantly smaller in size.
A new scientific study has revealed the mechanism of the gradual size reduction of ancient brown bears in Portugal over millennia. Researchers suggest that changes in the environment and increased human pressure played a role in this process.
Scientists analyzed hundreds of fossilized bear bones found in caves across Portugal, confirming their initial giant status. One male was estimated to weigh around 385 kg, making it one of the largest brown bears on the Iberian Peninsula. These findings, published in the journal Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, demonstrate a landscape picture where brown bears played an important ecological role long before modern humans altered the region.
It is worth noting that although cave bears once dominated many parts of Europe, they were never found in Portugal. According to researchers, this might be related to Portugal not having extensive cave systems that these animals preferred for hibernation. Instead, brown bears occupied a similar ecological niche.
The paleontological record indicates that the disappearance of these giants did not happen suddenly. By the beginning of the Holocene, approximately 12,000–8,000 years ago, male brown bears on the Iberian Peninsula had become noticeably smaller, reaching a weight of about 260 kg. Modern brown bears on the Iberian Peninsula are even smaller: the average weight of males is about 144 kg, and females is approximately 102 kg.
This represents a reduction in average male size of more than 40% over thousands of years. Researchers believe this gradual decrease is a long-term evolutionary response to changing conditions, rather than the result of a sudden shift.
Climate factors appear insufficient to explain the reduction in bear size. The research team hypothesizes that humans may have exerted increasing pressure on bear populations over millennia. Early hunters might have deliberately taken bears during hibernation, and subsequent human settlement led to massive deforestation and, eventually, the introduction of firearms.
Over time, this could have favored the survival of smaller individuals, which required fewer resources and were less likely to conflict with humans. Researchers emphasize that this is currently a working hypothesis, but they note that similar evolutionary responses have been observed in other species subjected to prolonged hunting pressure. Scientists also point out that diet could influence body size: more carnivorous bears generally grew larger than those feeding predominantly on vegetation.
Although the study focuses on the distant past, it holds significant importance for modern conservation efforts. Brown bears are considered ecosystem engineers because they help regulate prey populations, redistribute nutrients, and disperse vast amounts of seeds across the landscape. According to researchers, a single bear fall can contain tens of thousands of seeds, aiding in the natural regeneration of forests.
Understanding how ancient brown bears in Portugal adapted to environmental changes provides valuable insight into how wildlife responds to long-term stresses. As habitats continue to change across Europe and beyond, these prehistoric lessons can help in developing measures to conserve the remaining populations of brown bears on the Iberian Peninsula.
For those considering purchasing a smartwatch, whether to track health indicators, receive alerts, or simply update their look, the timing is considered opportune. Three alternatives on sale on Amazon have been selected that meet different needs and user profiles.
The Samsung Galaxy Fit3 features a 1.6-inch graphite screen, offering a sophisticated look and native integration with the Samsung ecosystem. This device monitors physical activities, sleep quality, and heart rate, in addition to conveniently displaying phone notifications. Its thin and light design makes it suitable for those seeking functionality without sacrificing everyday style.
The Redmi Watch 5 Active emerges as a solid choice from Xiaomi for those looking for a complete and uncomplicated smartwatch. It offers health monitoring, built-in GPS, good battery life, and is compatible with both Android and iOS, making it ideal for athletes or those who want to control their routine from their wrist.
Additionally, the Bettdow SmartWatch integrates a touch screen, Alexa voice assistant, and water resistance with IP68 certification. This device is designed for both genders, offering over 100 sports modes and real-time notification reception, positioning itself as a versatile option for daily life and physical exercise.
Due to the rapid movement of promotional stock, it is recommended to check the links immediately if any of these options have sparked interest, ensuring the product before the price changes.
Trekking on glaciers represents a rare opportunity to step onto a constantly changing landscape composed of crevasses, meltwater rivers, and multi-year ice layers. Glacier trekking allows visitors to explore unique landscapes beyond viewpoints and predefined routes in national parks. In South America, the main locations for this practice are in the Patagonian region, although there are other options across the continent.
One of the most famous glaciers in Patagonia is Perito Moreno, which covers an area of 250 km² and extends from the Southern Patagonian Ice Field to the south of Lake Argentino. This glacier is larger than the capital of the country, Buenos Aires, which has an area of about 202 km². The Perito Moreno Glacier is located in the Santa Cruz province, within Los Glaciares National Park. The nearest town to the glacier is El Calafate, located 80 kilometers from the park. Access to Perito Moreno is possible by car via Route 11. The entrance fee to the park was approximately 175 Brazilian Reals in July 2026.
There are two routes to explore Perito Moreno: mini-trekking and big ice. Mini-trekking lasts approximately 1 hour and 30 minutes, while Big Ice can take up to 4 hours (including transfer from El Calafate to and from the site, as well as sea travel, the total tour time will be about 10 hours). Both tours head towards the southern side of the glacier and are conducted by authorized companies. There are age and health restrictions. In summer, the weather is clearer, with fewer snowfalls and milder temperatures, but the program is available year-round: even in winter, the average temperature in the city remains around five degrees.
Los Glaciares National Park also hosts the Viedma Glacier, which is closer to the town of El Chaltén, known as a trekking paradise. However, since 2017, hiking on the glacier has been impossible due to accelerated glacial retreat caused by climate change, which led to the formation of a large crevasse between the shore and the glacier and increased instability of the rock walls. Instead, Solo Patagonia offers a boat trip on Lake Viedma, departing from Puerto Bay-Tunnel in El Chaltén. The route includes approaching the majestic glacier, disembarking at Cabo de Hornos bay for a short walk to a viewpoint, and then returning to the vessel to see the bluish walls of Viedma up close. The total duration of the tour, including the sea journey, is usually about 4 hours, departing between 10:00 and 11:00 and returning around 15:00. In addition to the lake view, a feature of Viedma is the dark stripes on its surface, formed by a mixture of ice and volcanic ash.
Unlike the previous two destinations, Torres del Paine is located in Chile. The national park where they are situated covers 227 thousand hectares and is recognized as a UNESCO biosphere reserve. The nearest town to the park is Puerto Natales, which is 120 kilometers away. Access to the park is via land roads; the drive by car or bus from Puerto Natales along Route 9 should take about an hour. The main attractions of this trek are the granite peaks of three towers: the South Tower, 2850 meters high, the Central Tower, reaching 2800 meters, and the North Tower, reaching 2600 meters. Furthermore, the trails pass through diverse landscapes. For example, the W trek crosses steppes, forests, and glaciers.
It is important to note that these trekking routes are significantly longer than the previous ones: unlike the Argentine options, time here is measured in days, not hours. The classic W trek, the most famous in the park, lasts about 5 days and covers a distance of 80 to 85 kilometers. The park provides accommodation for tourists, ranging from dormitories to premium camping. The climate in this region can change rapidly, posing certain risks. It is necessary to thoroughly study the information before starting the hike.
This option is intended exclusively for strong and experienced tourists. Located in the Cordillera Real, Bolivia, among the Andes, the start of the trek is 60 kilometers from La Paz, and the road to the trail takes between 2 hours and 30 minutes to 3 hours (by car or bus). Expeditions usually start from La Paz in the morning; upon arrival at the trail location, it is still necessary to walk 3.4 kilometers to the base camp. The camp is located on the shore of Lake Ciar-Hota, and expeditions usually provide good infrastructure, including tents and dining halls.
Depending on the chosen route, there are several options, but the most iconic is the Condoriri trail. The hike can last from 10 to 12 days, but the classic trek usually takes 3 days. The additional difficulty of this route must be taken into account: it passes at an altitude of over 4,000 meters, which may be too much for an average tourist. Nevertheless, those who overcome this challenge are rewarded with magnificent panoramic views, as the mountain height allows viewing the Huayna Potosi and Illimani mountains, as well as Lake Titicaca.
Bredi is deeply integrated into the culinary culture of the country, especially during cold weather when hearty, slow-cooked meals are needed. For many South Africans, Bredi is associated with a feeling of home, as the aroma coming from the kitchen instantly evokes warm memories.
The author recalls his mother preparing Bredi at least once a week, creating an atmosphere of coziness where the food seemed even tastier the next day. Among the favorite dishes, the author highlights tomato Bredi, but cabbage Bredi wins in his own home.
Although there are many variations of Bredi, three dishes are considered the most iconic: tomato, cabbage, and peas Bredi. These recipes are passed down through generations, with each family adding its unique touches.
It is worth noting that the word 'Bredi' has roots in Malaysia. Despite its close connection to Afrikaans cuisine today, this dish and cooking style were brought to Cape Town by the Cape Malay community, many of whom arrived in South Africa from the Dutch East India Company from modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia.
Initially, the term referred to a specific type of oriental spinach, but over time it transformed into the name of a slow-simmered stew where vegetables are cooked with meat, most often lamb. This resulted in a unique South African dish, shaped by the influence of various cultures, traditions, and available ingredients in Cape Town.
Today, Bredi remains an integral part of the local gastronomic culture, especially in the colder months when rich, slow-cooked dishes are required.
Tomatiebredi is considered one of South Africa's most famous comfort foods. It is characterized by a rich, slightly tart, and deep flavor. The charm of tomato Bredi lies in how simple components transform into something incredibly aromatic after long hours of slow cooking. The tomatoes break down, forming a thick sauce that coats the tender meat and fills the kitchen with a unique scent.
Many South Africans claim that tomato Bredi tastes even better on the second day, when all the aromas have had time to stabilize. For many families, this dish is closely linked to childhood memories and Sunday lunches; it is filling but not heavy, offering a perfect balance of sweetness and acidity.
Although cabbage Bredi may not always receive as much attention as tomato Bredi, it is a true favorite in many South African homes. When slow-cooked, the cabbage softens beautifully, absorbing all the richness of the sauce and meat. The final result is a very comforting dish with a mild sweetness, which is especially pleasant during winter.
In many families, cabbage Bredi is seen as genuine home cooking. It is affordable, nutritious, and capable of feeding a large group, which probably explains its popularity across generations. The simplicity of this dish makes it special, as it brings warmth and nostalgia, which are highly valued when temperatures drop.
Peas Bredi is another classic variation worthy of a place among South Africa's most beloved traditional dishes. Unlike the rich and juicy tomato Bredi, pea Bredi has a more earthy flavor profile. The peas become soft and tender during cooking while retaining enough texture to give the stew character. Combined with slow-cooked meat and fragrant spices, it creates a meal that feels both rustic and deeply soothing.
For many South Africans, pea Bredi is associated with family gatherings and winter dinners. This dish quietly passes down traditions from generation to generation. What Bredi offers is not just the ingredients or the method of preparation, but the feelings it evokes—these are dishes built on patience, comfort, and bringing people together. In a country with diverse tastes and culinary traditions, Bredi remains a vibrant example of the best South African cuisine, telling a story of history, resilience, and cultural fusion, all simmering in one pot.
