A large-scale multidimensional analysis conducted by British and Swiss researchers established that the presence of infections is associated with a significantly increased risk of developing mental and neurological diseases. It should be noted that this correlation was less pronounced in the pediatric population than in adults.
Although physicians have long studied the relationship between past infections and the risk of mental disorders, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, information on this topic is often fragmented. This occurs because large scientific studies either consider all infections as a single factor of influence or focus only on one specific pathogen. Previously, there was no comprehensive assessment of the risk of a wide range of mental and neurological problems from various infections across different age groups.
To overcome these limitations, a group of scientists led by Maxim Take from Oxford University conducted a retrospective cohort study. The analysis was based on data from patients in 62 medical institutions. Doctors compared patients hospitalized with infections of ten body systems with those hospitalized for non-infectious reasons, as well as with the general population. The goal was to assess the age-related risks of 14 different mental and neurological disorders over two years. The analysis involved 65 paired comparisons with 1,062,722 matched pairs, with an average age of 48.4 years.
The most common infections identified during the study were: cellulitis was the most common skin infection in all age groups, influenza was the most common respiratory infection in adults, and bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus was the most common in children. Among sexually transmitted infections, HIV infection was most frequently found in middle-aged and elderly people. In the group of patients without infections, injuries and poisoning were most commonly diagnosed in children, diabetes in middle-aged people, and atherosclerosis in the elderly.
Patients hospitalized due to infection showed a substantially higher risk of developing most mental and neurological diseases. Out of 140 'infection - mental disorder' comparisons, a significant association was found in 116 cases. The disorder showing the highest mean value of lost time (RMTL), which reflects the relative risk of an event during the observation period, was encephalitis (RMTL coefficient reached 6.54; p = 2.0 × 10^-11). Nevertheless, this outcome was relatively rare, whereas the most significant absolute increase in risk was recorded for cognitive impairment—it amounted to 12.37 percent. Similar trends were observed when comparing with the general population: the relative risk was highest for encephalitis, and the absolute risk for cognitive deficit.
In a detailed comparison of 45 cases of various infections, infectious encephalitis was the main risk factor for seven out of fourteen mental and neurological disorders. Heart infections were also among the leading infectious risk factors. It was noted that the lowest risk was observed in children, followed by young people, middle-aged, and elderly people. The average absolute differences in risk were 0.33 percent lower in children (p < 0.001) and 0.42 percent higher in the elderly (p < 0.001) compared to the average. This same trend was confirmed when calculating the relative risk.
The scientists conclude that this multidimensional analysis allows for a comprehensive assessment of the risks of developing mental disorders after having had infections. Although some mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear, the results obtained can form the basis for preparing for the potential consequences of future epidemics and pandemics.
A systematic review analyzing data from 2.8 million children across 40 countries identified the main elements linked to the onset of food allergies in early life. Published in the journal JAMA Pediatrics, the study suggests that this condition results from the interaction between genetic predisposition, changes in the skin barrier, early exposure to antibiotics, and environmental influences.
Food allergy manifests when the immune system responds inappropriately to certain proteins found in foods such as milk, egg, peanuts, nuts, or fish. Instead of considering these proteins harmless, the body perceives them as a threat, which can lead to symptoms ranging from mild to severe reactions, such as anaphylaxis. According to pediatric allergist Renata Rodrigues Cocco, the child's immune system is still developing, allowing it to identify food proteins as foreign, triggering the allergic reaction.
The researchers examined 190 studies and evaluated 342 potential factors. The main conclusion points to the relevance of atopic dermatitis (eczema) in the first year of life, late introduction of allergenic foods (such as egg and peanuts), antibiotic use in the first months, and family history of allergies. Although smaller correlations were noted with Cesarean delivery, male sex, and being the firstborn, these aspects had less impact.
Renata Cocco comments that today it is understood that food allergy does not have a single cause, and it is classified as a disease characteristic of contemporary life. She adds that factors such as alterations in the microbiome, diets rich in ultra-processed foods, pollution, and other environmental elements can increase mucosal permeability, causing the immune system to begin treating food proteins as dangerous.
One of the most significant findings of the review is the link between atopic dermatitis and the appearance of food allergies. Babies who presented with eczema in the first year of life showed three to four times higher risk of developing allergies. This is due to the protective role of the skin. The specialist explains that atopic dermatitis is seen as a warning sign, part of the so-called 'atopic march,' a sequence that can progress from eczema to food allergies and subsequently to rhinitis and asthma.
Another crucial point addressed by the study is the timing of food introduction. It was found that offering peanuts only after 12 months of age more than doubles the chance of the child developing a food allergy. This data corroborates recent pediatric guidelines, which discourage delaying potentially allergenic foods as a preventive measure.
Renata Cocco advises that exclusive breastfeeding should be maintained until six months, starting gradual food introduction from this period, including all food groups, such as egg, fish, and peanuts, according to child development and under pediatric guidance. The study also established a connection between antibiotic use, especially in the first month of life, and an elevated risk of food allergies. The most plausible hypothesis for this lies in the effect of these medications on the microbiome, the collection of microorganisms essential for the development and strengthening of the child's immune system.
Additionally, genetic predisposition is a relevant factor, as children whose parents or siblings are allergic have a higher probability of developing the condition. However, the doctor emphasizes that the genetic component is not the sole cause, but rather the combination of genetics and environmental factors that seems to favor the development of allergies.
The work also correlated food allergies with low birth weight, post-term birth, partial breastfeeding, maternal diet during pregnancy, and gestational stress. However, the specialist advises caution in interpreting these results, mentioning important methodological limitations related to stress and nutrition during pregnancy. She concludes by stating that there is already more solid evidence that restricting allergenic foods during pregnancy does not prevent the emergence of allergies in the child.
OpenAI has made the availability of ChatGPT Health, its health and wellness focused assistant, public for all adults residing in the United States. This launch occurred this week and is accessible in both free and paid versions, on both the web interface and iOS devices.
This move comes one day after a lawsuit filed by a Florida pastor. He alleged that he received advice from the artificial intelligence that could be fatal, as he was advised not to seek specialized medical assistance.
The tool's functionality is based on cross-analysis of clinical records and metrics obtained from healthy living applications, utilizing the computational model GPT 5.6-Luna. The system registered an impressive volume of 300 million requests every seven days.
Due to the high volume of use, the system has been updated to allow diagnoses and dietary habits to be consolidated in any conversation section within the ecosystem, expanding its applicability beyond the restricted dashboard previously used only by volunteers in tests.
The ecosystem's infrastructure allows for the unification of databases from large hospital networks, such as Epic and Oracle Health, in addition to integrating services like One Medical, Apple Health, Function, and MyFitnessPal.
The developer emphasized that any private data entered into the dashboard is not used to train its algorithms. Furthermore, she highlighted the continuous participation of medical professionals in refining the responses provided.
Although the GPT 5.6-Luna model demonstrated superior performance compared to the GPT 5.5 version metrics in the HealthBench test, the corporation reiterated in its terms of use that the mechanism does not have the capacity to issue diagnoses or prescribe treatments for diseases. The company's advisory informed the press that it strongly recommends confirming any guidance with human specialists.
Recent academic research indicates inconsistencies in virtual robots when offering clinical diagnoses. However, this scenario of uncertainty has not prevented the advancement of large technology companies, as competitors such as Google and Anthropic continue to invest in developing similar tools aimed at human health.
A source close to the politician's defense informed the Lusa agency by phone from Lisbon that the opposition figure has gone to Portugal to receive medical assistance.
Simões Pereira has been under pre-trial detention since July 10. He is accused by military courts of participating in an alleged coup attempt that occurred in October 2025.
