The question of who will care for the child and the reasons why many women remain outside the labor market remain relevant. Uttar Pradesh Governor Anandben Patel believes that women can and should combine demanding careers with motherhood, provided they first become 'expert mothers' and master the home kitchen.
Statistics and Barriers to Work
Data from the National Statistical Office shows that for many urban women, the main obstacles to obtaining paid employment are childcare responsibilities and household management, rather than a lack of education or ambition. A survey covering 46 major urban centers in India revealed that childcare and housework prevent 69% of unemployed women from participating in the workforce.
Furthermore, the gender gap is evident: only about 1% of unemployed men cite childcare or housework as the reason for their absence from the labor market, whereas among women, this is an overwhelmingly common explanation.
Education Versus Career Goals
Even a high level of education has not solved this problem. More than 60% of female graduates are either not working or not looking for work. Moreover, only about one in ten unemployed graduates actively seeks employment, compared to almost eight out of ten men.
Nibha Singh Mahar, an English teacher at the Military School in Ranikete, personally faced this issue. After getting married at 23 and having a child at 25, she paused her career for nearly two and a half years. She argues that motherhood and professional success are not mutually exclusive goals, and that with family support, workplace flexibility, and good childcare, many women successfully combine both roles.
Regional Differences Across India
The study also showed significant differences in women's experiences depending on their place of residence, indicating structural rather than purely cultural factors. In Gohrah, 83% of unemployed women cite domestic and caregiving duties as the reason for not being in paid employment, while in Surat, this figure is 81%. Meanwhile, in Coimbatore and Agra, this percentage is lower—38% and 41% respectively. Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Srinagar, and Kota also show significantly lower figures.
Lack of Care Infrastructure
The contrast between cities highlights that childcare remains predominantly a private family responsibility, not a public infrastructure. Although India has significantly expanded girls' access to education over the last two decades, systems enabling women to remain employed—such as affordable nurseries, reliable kindergartens, after-school care, safe transportation, and flexible workplaces—have not developed at the same pace.
Kanchan Ja, a mathematics teacher at a private school in Surat, took 12 years out of paid work to care for children before returning to teaching. She noted that the hardest part was time management and the feeling that neither role received her full attention. She emphasized that the most crucial change would be the availability of accessible and reliable childcare support.
Policy Implementation Challenges
Existing laws, such as the Maternity Benefit Act (Amendment) 2017, mandate the establishment of nurseries in many institutions, and the MGNREGA program provides for childcare at workplaces. However, over 85% of working women in India are engaged in the informal sector, which takes them outside the scope of the benefit law. Furthermore, a 2019 study by the National Institute of Labour VV Giri found that three out of four organizations with more than 50 employees lacked the required childcare facilities.
The situation is particularly difficult in agriculture, where over 70% of working women are employed, but less than 1% receive maternity benefits. In Rajasthan, a survey showed that only 53% of women were aware of the right to childcare services, and only 0.7% reported the availability of nurseries at the workplace.
Wage Inequality
Women who remain in the workforce also face unequal conditions. According to an NSO survey, the average monthly salary of male employees across 46 cities is 30,700 rupees, while women earn 23,700 rupees, representing a gap of about 23%. This imbalance is even wider in cities like Kalyan-Dombivli, Navi Mumbai, and Nagpur, where women earn almost half as much as men. Self-employed women earn even less than half of their male counterparts.
Economic Significance of the Issue
This is not just a matter of gender equality, but also an economic one. According to the latest Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), the Female Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) for persons aged 15 and above rose to 35.3% in December 2025. The rural LFPR reached 40.1%, and the urban LFPR reached 25.3%, highlighting the persistent gap between rural and urban areas of India.
Thus, although more women are entering the labor market, caregiving responsibilities continue to hinder many, especially in cities, from participating in paid employment. The solution lies not just in creating jobs, but in creating the conditions that allow women to take them, including accessible childcare and flexible workplaces.